Genomic Dissection of Population Substructure of Han Chinese and Its Implication in Association Studies

http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(09)00470-4

To date, most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and studies of fine-scale population structure have been conducted primarily on Europeans. Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in the world, composing 20% of the entire global human population, is largely underrepresented in such studies. A well-recognized challenge is the fact that population structure can cause spurious associations in GWAS. In this study, we examined population substructures in a diverse set of over 1700 Han Chinese samples collected from 26 regions across China, each genotyped at ∼160K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our results showed that the Han Chinese population is intricately substructured, with the main observed clusters corresponding roughly to northern Han, central Han, and southern Han. However, simulated case-control studies showed that genetic differentiation among these clusters, although very small (FST = 0.0002 ∼0.0009), is sufficient to lead to an inflated rate of false-positive results even when the sample size is moderate. The top two SNPs with the greatest frequency differences between the northern Han and southern Han clusters (FST > 0.06) were found in the FADS2 gene, which associates with the fatty acid composition in phospholipids, and in the HLA complex P5 gene (HCP5), which associates with HIV infection, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that most differentiated genes among clusters are involved in cardiac arteriopathy (p < 10−101). These signals indicating significant differences among Han Chinese subpopulations should be carefully explained in case they are also detected in association studies, especially when sample sources are diverse.

(中央社記者康世人新加坡27日專電)新加坡科技研究局人類遺傳小組在分析6000份來自新加坡和中國大陸10個省份的基因樣本後,發現漢人的基因南、北有別,存在0.3%的差異,但無東、西的差別。

由劉建軍率領的小組,在分析蒐集的基因樣本後也發現,以廣東省的廣東、潮州和客家族群來說,潮州人的基因更接近中國北方人的基因,客家人的基因則接近中國中間地帶的基因,廣東人則是道地的南方人基因。

新加坡人大多數以福建移民居多,因此方言屬於閩南語,但劉建軍指出,這次蒐集的基因樣本中,並沒有包括福建省,所以缺乏福建人的基因圖譜作為依據,以這次新加坡的樣本和其他省份比較之下,新加坡人分析起來最像廣東的基因圖譜。

劉建軍告訴媒體,這項大型基因研究顯示,中國北方和南方人的基因存在0.3%的細微差異,甚至說不同方言的社群間基因也會有差異,可能是同語系通婚者多的關係。這種差異,和受測者所處的地理位置有一定關聯。

這項研究已刊登在「美國人類遺傳學」雜誌(American Journal of Human Genetics),引起國際的注意。

劉建軍表示,進行這項研究,是因為在研究牛皮癬(psoriasis)、系統性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)、痲瘋病、鼻咽癌和皮膚白斑病(Vitiligo)等疾病蒐集了大量來自中國和新加坡的血液樣本。

這項研究取得的樣本共8200份,但研究小組僅分析其中的6000份,其中來自新加坡的樣本有500多份,其他來自中國最北至遼寧、東至安徽、西至四川,南至廣東的10個省份,也涵蓋了北京和上海。

劉建軍說,由於取得樣本中的DNA有小部份不同,因此小組就研究這個不同的部份,探討來自不同地區的漢人,是否會相似或差異較大,因而根據樣本為不同省份的漢人擬出基因圖譜。

他指出,從基因圖譜上,發現同一省份的樣本會形成一個聚落,不同省份的樣本會佔據不同的位置,從而證明中國南方人和北方人基因有些不同,地理上差距愈遠的方言群,DNA的差距就愈大。

劉建軍表示,這些不同地區的漢族基因圖譜,有助了解祖先遷移和進化的過程,也能幫助小組設計和解釋基因與疾病的關係。981127

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